Nahjul Balagha – Jild 1: Khutbat

Dars 9: Khutbah 1 – Allah ki Ma‘rifat, Deen ki Bunyad aur Ibadat ka Haqiqi Maqsad

Is dars mein hum Allah Ta‘ala ki ma‘rifat, uski sifat, tauheed aur ibadat ke asal maqsad ko samjhenge. Imam Ali (a) ki Khutbah 1 ka ibtidaai hissa Allah ki hamd-o-sana aur uski wahdaniyat ke bayan se shuru hota hai.

Bunyadi sawal: Kya Allah ki ma‘rifat ka matlab sirf yeh jaanna hai ke Allah maujood hai, ya uski azmat, sifat aur bandagi ko samajhna bhi ismein shamil hai?

Jawab yeh hai ke ma‘rifat sirf zubani iqraar nahin. Ismein Allah ko uski wahdaniyat aur kamal ki sifat ke saath pehchanna, uske ahkaam ko tasleem karna aur apni zindagi ko uski raza ke mutabiq dhalna shamil hai.

1. Allah ki hamd-o-sana aur ma‘rifat

Khutbah 1 ke aaghaz mein Imam Ali (a) farmate hain:

الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي لَا يَبْلُغُ مِدْحَتَهُ الْقَائِلُونَ، وَلَا يُحْصِي نَعْمَاءَهُ الْعَادُّونَ، وَلَا يُؤَدِّي حَقَّهُ الْمُجْتَهِدُونَ

Roman Urdu:
Alhamdu lillaahil-lazee laa yablughu mid-hatahul-qaa’iloon, wa laa yuhsee na’maa’ahul-‘aaddoon, wa laa yu’adee haqqahul-mujtahidoon.

Tarjuma:
“Tamam tareef Allah ke liye hai, jiski poori tareef bayan karne se bolne wale aajiz hain, jiski nematon ko ginne wale gin nahin sakte aur koshish karne wale bhi uska haq poori tarah ada nahin kar sakte.”

Tashreeh:

Imam Ali (a) teen haqeeqaton ki taraf tawajjuh dilate hain:

Allah ki azmat be-hadd hai: Insani alfaaz aur ilm mehdood hain, jabke Allah ki azmat la-mehdood hai.
Allah ki nematein be-shumar hain: Insaan apni zindagi ki tamam nematon ka poora hisaab nahin kar sakta.
Ibadat ke bawajood Allah ka haq azeem hai: Insaan jitni bhi ibadat kare, Allah ki nematon ke muqable mein uski bandagi hamesha mohtaji aur shukr ka izhar rahegi.

Iska matlab yeh nahin ke Allah ne bandon par unki taqat se zyada zimmedari rakhi hai. Balkeh yeh Allah ki azmat aur insaan ki bandagi ka farq samjhata hai.

2. Allah ki nematon ka shukr

Allah Ta‘ala farmata hai:

وَإِن تَعُدُّوا نِعْمَتَ اللَّهِ لَا تُحْصُوهَا

Roman Urdu:
Wa in ta’uddoo ni’matallaahi laa tuhsoohaa.

Tarjuma:
“Aur agar tum Allah ki nematon ko ginne lago to unhein shumaar nahin kar sakoge.”
(Surah Ibrahim 14:34)

Insaan ko apni zindagi mein kuch nematein aam nazar aati hain, jaise:

Zindagi aur saans.
Sehat aur quwwat.
Aql aur samajhne ki salahiyat.
Ilm hasil karne ka mauqa.
Rizq aur ghar walon ki muhabbat.
Imaan aur hidayat.

Sabaq: Shukr sirf “Alhamdulillah” kehne ka naam nahin; Allah ki nematon ko uski raza ke mutabiq istemal karna bhi shukr hai.

3. Deen ki bunyad Allah ki ma‘rifat hai

Ab Khutbah 1 ka nihayat aham jumla aata hai. Imam Ali (a) farmate hain:

أَوَّلُ الدِّينِ مَعْرِفَتُهُ، وَكَمَالُ مَعْرِفَتِهِ التَّصْدِيقُ بِهِ، وَكَمَالُ التَّصْدِيقِ بِهِ تَوْحِيدُهُ، وَكَمَالُ تَوْحِيدِهِ الْإِخْلَاصُ لَهُ

Roman Urdu:
Awwalud-deeni ma’rifatuhu, wa kamaalu ma’rifatihi at-tasdeequ bihi, wa kamaalu at-tasdeequi bihi tawheedu, wa kamaalu tawheedihil-ikhlaasu lahu.

Tarjuma:
“Deen ki ibtida Allah ki ma‘rifat hai; uski ma‘rifat ka kamal uski tasdeeq karna hai; uski tasdeeq ka kamal uski wahdaniyat ko maanna hai; aur uski wahdaniyat ka kamal uske liye khalis hona hai.”

Yeh jumla ma‘rifat-e-Ilahi ke chaar marahil samjhata hai:

Ma‘rifat – Allah ko pehchanna

Insaan daleel, fikr aur Allah ki nishaniyon ke zariye apne Rab ko pehchane.
Tasdeeq – Dil se maan lena

Sirf zubaan se Allah ka iqraar nahin, balkeh dil se uski haqeeqat ko tasleem karna.
Tauheed – Allah ko yakta maanna

Allah ko zaat, ibadat aur uski rububiyyat mein be-misaal aur be-shareek maanna.
Ikhlas – Ibadat sirf Allah ke liye

Namaz, dua, qurbani aur tamam ibadat mein Allah ki raza ko asal maqsad banana.

Tashreeh: Is tartib mein ek gehra paigham hai: insaan pehle Allah ko pehchanta hai, phir uski tasdeeq karta hai, phir uski wahdaniyat ko samajhta hai aur aakhir mein apni bandagi ko usi ke liye khalis karta hai.

4. Tauheed ka kamal aur Allah ki sifat ka masla

Imam Ali (a) farmate hain:

وَكَمَالُ الْإِخْلَاصِ لَهُ نَفْيُ الصِّفَاتِ عَنْهُ، لِشَهَادَةِ كُلِّ صِفَةٍ أَنَّهَا غَيْرُ الْمَوْصُوفِ، وَشَهَادَةِ كُلِّ مَوْصُوفٍ أَنَّهُ غَيْرُ الصِّفَةِ

Roman Urdu:
Wa kamaalul-ikhlaasi lahu nafyus-sifaati ‘anhu, li-shahaadati kulli sifatin annahaa ghayrul-mawsoof, wa shahaadati kulli mawsoofin annahu ghayrus-sifah.

Tarjuma:
“Allah ke liye ikhlas ka kamal yeh hai ke usse aisi sifat ki nafi ki jaye jo uski zaat se alag samjhi jaye; kyunke har sifat apne mawsoof se alag hoti hai aur har mawsoof apni sifat se alag hota hai.”

Iska matlab kya hai?

Imam Ali (a) Allah ko makhlooq ki tarah samajhne se mana kar rahe hain. Insaan mein ilm, qudrat, zindagi aur doosri sifat hoti hain. Insaan pehle ilm se khaali ho sakta hai aur baad mein ilm hasil kar sakta hai. Lekin Allah ka ilm aur qudrat kisi baad mein milne wali cheez ka naam nahin.

Allah ka ilm uski azali sifat hai; woh kisi se seekhta nahin. Allah ki qudrat bhi kisi doosri quwwat ki mohtaj nahin.

Aham wazahat: Is jumle ka matlab yeh nahin ke Allah ke Qur’an mein bayan kiye gaye Asma-ul-Husna aur sifat ka inkar kar diya jaye. Allah ko Aleem, Qadeer, Hayy aur Samee‘ kehna Qur’an se sabit hai. Imam Ali (a) ka maqsad Allah ki sifat ko makhlooq ki zaat se alag, mustaqil ya uske barabar doosri haqeeqat samajhne ki nafi karna hai.

Sunni aur Shia kalam mein Allah ki zaat aur sifat ke ta‘alluq par mukhtalif falsafi aur kalami tashreehat milti hain. Lekin dono riwayaton mein Allah ko makhlooq jaisa samajhne se parhez kiya jata hai.

5. Allah ki sifat bayan karne mein ehtiyat

Imam Ali (a) aage farmate hain:

فَمَنْ وَصَفَ اللَّهَ سُبْحَانَهُ فَقَدْ قَرَنَهُ، وَمَنْ قَرَنَهُ فَقَدْ ثَنَّاهُ، وَمَنْ ثَنَّاهُ فَقَدْ جَزَّأَهُ، وَمَنْ جَزَّأَهُ فَقَدْ جَهِلَهُ

Roman Urdu:
Faman wasafallaaha subhaanahu faqad qaranahu, wa man qaranahu faqad thannaahu, wa man thannaahu faqad jazza’ahu, wa man jazza’ahu faqad jahilah.

Tarjuma:
“Jo Allah ko (makhlooq jaisi alag sifat ke saath) bayan karta hai, woh goya uske saath kisi doosri cheez ko mila deta hai; aur jo use kisi doosri cheez ke saath mila de, woh uske liye doosra qarar deta hai; aur jo use juzon mein taqseem kare, woh uski haqeeqat se nawaqif hai.”

Tashreeh:

Imam Ali (a) yahan Allah ki wahdaniyat ko samjhate hain. Allah na kisi ka hissa hai aur na uski zaat mukhtalif ajza se milkar bani hai.

Makhlooq ko hum hisson mein taqseem kar sakte hain. Insaan ka jism, haath, paon aur doosre aaza hain. Lekin Allah jism nahin aur na uski zaat kisi hisse ya tarkeeb ki mohtaj hai.

Qur’an mein irshad hai:

لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْبَصِيرُ

Roman Urdu:
Laysa kamithlihi shay’un wa huwas-samee’ul-baseer.

Tarjuma:
“Us jaisi koi cheez nahin, aur woh sab kuch sunne wala, dekhne wala hai.”
(Surah Ash-Shura 42:11)

Is ayat mein do bunyadi baatein hain:

Allah ki koi misaal nahin; woh makhlooq jaisa nahin.
Allah ki sifat-e-sam‘ aur basar haqeeqi hain; woh sab kuch sunta aur dekhta hai.

6. Allah ko jagah aur simt mein mahdood nahin kiya ja sakta

Imam Ali (a) farmate hain:

وَمَنْ قَالَ فِيمَ فَقَدْ ضَمَّنَهُ، وَمَنْ قَالَ عَلَامَ فَقَدْ أَخْلَى مِنْهُ

Roman Urdu:
Wa man qaala feema faqad dammanahu, wa man qaala ‘alaama faqad akhlaa minhu.

Tarjuma:
“Jo kahe ke Allah kis jagah mein hai, usne use kisi jagah mein mahdood kar diya; aur jo pooche ke Allah kis cheez ke upar hai, usne doosri jagahon ko usse khaali samajh liya.”

Tashreeh:

Jagah, simt aur waqt makhlooq ki zaruriyat hain. Allah Ta‘ala in sab ka Khaliq hai, is liye woh apni makhlooq ki tarah kisi jagah ya simt ka mohtaj nahin.

Iska matlab yeh bhi hai ke Allah ka ilm aur qudrat har cheez ko muheet hai. Koi cheez uske ilm se bahar nahin.

Qur’an mein farmaya:

وَهُوَ مَعَكُمْ أَيْنَ مَا كُنْتُمْ

Roman Urdu:
Wa huwa ma’akum aina maa kuntum.

Tarjuma:
“Aur tum jahan kahin bhi ho, woh tumhare saath hai.”
(Surah Al-Hadid 57:4)

Yahan Allah ke saath hone ka matlab uska ilm, nigraani aur ihata hai; isko makhlooq ke jismani saath hone par qiyas nahin karna chahiye.

7. Allah hamesha se hai aur hamesha rahega

Imam Ali (a) farmate hain:

كَائِنٌ لَا عَنْ حَدَثٍ، مَوْجُودٌ لَا عَنْ عَدَمٍ

Roman Urdu:
Kaa’inun laa ‘an hadath, mawjudun laa ‘an ‘adam.

Tarjuma:
“Woh hamesha se maujood hai, kisi naye paida hone ke baad nahin; woh maujood hai, kisi adam (na hone) ke baad nahin.”

Tashreeh:

Har makhlooq ka ek aaghaz hai. Insaan paida hota hai, darakht ugta hai, sitare aur sayyare bhi Allah ki makhlooq hain. Lekin Allah ka koi aaghaz nahin.

Allah Ta‘ala farmata hai:

هُوَ الْأَوَّلُ وَالْآخِرُ وَالظَّاهِرُ وَالْبَاطِنُ

Roman Urdu:
Huwal-awwalu wal-aakhiru waz-zaahiru wal-baatin.

Tarjuma:
“Wohi Awwal hai aur Wohi Aakhir, Wohi Zahir hai aur Wohi Batin.”
(Surah Al-Hadid 57:3)

Allah na kisi se paida hua aur na uska koi khatma hai.

8. Allah har cheez ke saath hai, magar jismani taur par nahin

Imam Ali (a) ka nihayat gehra jumla hai:

مَعَ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ لَا بِمُقَارَنَةٍ، وَغَيْرُ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ لَا بِمُزَايَلَةٍ

Roman Urdu:
Ma’a kulli shay’in laa bimuqaaranah, wa ghayru kulli shay’in laa bimuzayalah.

Tarjuma:
“Woh har cheez ke saath hai, magar jismani taur par mila hua nahin; aur har cheez se alag hai, magar door ho kar juda nahin.”

Is jumle ka mafhoom:

Allah har makhlooq ke haal se waqif hai.
Har cheez uski qudrat aur hukm ke zair-e-asar hai.
Allah makhlooq ke andar kisi jismani hissa ki tarah maujood nahin.
Allah makhlooq se doori ya fasle ka mohtaj bhi nahin.

Yani Allah ki ma‘iyyat ko jismani qurb ya doori ke zariye samajhna durust nahin.

9. Ibadat ka haqeeqi maqsad

Ab tak humne ma‘rifat, tasdeeq, tauheed aur ikhlas ko samjha. Ab sawal hai ke jab insaan Allah ko pehchan leta hai to uski ibadat ka asal maqsad kya hona chahiye?

Allah Ta‘ala farmata hai:

وَمَا خَلَقْتُ الْجِنَّ وَالْإِنْسَ إِلَّا لِيَعْبُدُونِ

Roman Urdu:
Wa maa khalaqtul-jinna wal-insa illa liya’budoon.

Tarjuma:
“Maine jinn aur insaan ko sirf isliye paida kiya ke woh meri ibadat karein.”
(Surah Adh-Dhariyat 51:56)

Ibadat ka maqsad Allah ko kisi cheez ki zarurat poori karna nahin. Allah be-niyaz hai. Ibadat ka faida insaan ko hota hai:

Allah se ta’alluq mazboot hota hai.
Nafs aur takabbur par qaboo paida hota hai.
Gunahon se bachne ka jazba mazboot hota hai.
Insaf, reham aur sachchai ki aadat paida hoti hai.
Insaan apni zindagi ka maqsad samajhta hai.

Allah farmata hai:

يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ أَنْتُمُ الْفُقَرَاءُ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ هُوَ الْغَنِيُّ الْحَمِيدُ

Roman Urdu:
Yaa ayyuhan-naasu antumul-fuqaraa’u ilallaah, wallaahu huwal-ghaniyyul-hameed.

Tarjuma:
“Ae logo! Tum Allah ke mohtaj ho aur Allah hi be-niyaz, tareef ke laiq hai.”
(Surah Fatir 35:15)

10. Sunni aur Shia nazariye mein ma‘rifat-e-Ilahi

Sunni aur Shia dono ke nazdeek Allah ki ma‘rifat, tauheed aur ikhlas deen ki bunyadi taleemat hain.

Sunni kalam: Allah ki zaat aur sifat ko Qur’an-o-Sunnat ke mutabiq maana jata hai, baghair Allah ko makhlooq jaisa samjhe.
Shia kalam: Tauheed-e-zaati aur sifat-e-Ilahi par khaas zor diya jata hai; Allah ki sifat ko uski zaat se alag mustaqil haqeeqat samajhne ki nafi ki jati hai.

Dono riwayaton ka mushtarka usool hai:

لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ

“Us jaisi koi cheez nahin.” (42:11)

Is Khutbah ki tafseeli falsafi tashreeh mein ulama ke darmiyan ikhtilaf ho sakta hai, lekin Imam Ali (a) ka markazi paigham Allah ki wahdaniyat, be-misaali aur be-niyazi ko samajhna hai.

11. Dars 9 ka khulasa

Marhala	Mafhoom
Ma‘rifat	Allah ko pehchanna
Tasdeeq	Dil se Allah ko maanna
Tauheed	Allah ko yakta aur be-shareek maanna
Ikhlas	Ibadat sirf Allah ke liye karna
Tanzih	Allah ko makhlooq ki sifat aur hudood se paak maanna
Ibadat	Allah ki bandagi aur uski raza ke mutabiq zindagi guzarna

Is dars ka sabse aham paigham: Deen ki bunyad Allah ki ma‘rifat hai, lekin ma‘rifat ka kamal tab hai jab insaan Allah ko ek maane, uske liye apni ibadat khalis kare aur apni zindagi mein uski bandagi ka asar paida kare.