Allama Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi (1104-1174 AH) was one of the most prominent Islamic scholars in the history of Sindh (Pakistan).
(Arabic: العلامة المخدوم محمد هاشم بن عبدالغفور بن عبدالرحمان التتوي السندي الحارثي الحنفي) (Sindhi: مخدوم محمد هاشم ٺٽوي) (Urdu: مخدوم محمد ہاشم ٹھٹوی)
Born: 10 Rabi’ al-Awwal 1104 A.H. (1692 CE)
Died: Thursday 6 Rajab 1174 AH. at 70 years of age
Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi (1692- 1761) (Sindhi: مخدوم محمد هاشم ٺٺوي, Urdu: مخدوم محمد ہاشم ٹھٹھوی) was an islamic scholar, author, philanthropist, and a spiritual leader who was considered a saint by his followers. He was the first ever translator of the Quran in Sindhi language
He also ran the office of the Chief Justice and stayed the Governor of Sindh and connected areas of Punjab in the Kalhora era. Makhdoom was also a feudal lord and tribe chieftain. He was the leading Islamic theologian and the Imam of the Grand Mosque at Thatta. He engaged himself in missionary duties and was famous among Sufis. He wrote Madah Nama Sindh (a book about Islam in Sindhi society and culture), Dirham al-Surrat Fi Wada al-Yadayn Taht al-Surrah (a book based on the Hanafi theology), Al-Baqiyat as-Salihat (a biography of great Islamic figures) and other books. His religious dictums shaped Sindhi culture and Islamic tradition in Sindh. He was believed to be a leading expert authority on the Fatwa-e-Alamgiri. He belonged to the Qadri order of Sufism, and followed the Hanafi school of thought. He has a large following throughout the Muslim world specially in Sindh and Thatta district in specific.[1]
Family lineage
Thattvi descends from Al-Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib of the Quraysh tribe, to which the Islamic prophet Muhammad also belonged:
Muhammad Hashim
Abdul Ghafur
Abdul Latif
Abdur Rahman
Khairuddin Harsi
Early life and education
Makhdoom belonged to a very traditional, religious and educated family and received basic education from his father Makhdoom Abdul Ghafoor. His father taught him to memorise and recite the Quran. He further learned Persian language and Fiqh at home and travelled to Thatta the centre of education, poetry, spiritual grooming and culture of the time for receiving higher education. It was in the time of the Kalhora dynasty when Sindh was at its peak in reference to rich culture and economic progress. Scholars, poets, intellectuals were found in abundance and such people were very much obeyed, trusted and respected. Thatta had been entirely unique as in the year 1111 Hijri, it had 400 high schools and 1400 mosques and is considered a unique city even today. All this attracted Makhdoom Hashim to come to Thatta and attend Arabic classes from Makhdoom Saeed. Makhdoom Muhammad, by his immense intellect and sharp mind, finished the curriculum which was usually completed in six years, in just six months. This made Makhdoom earn a lot of popularity among the great scholars and common people who used to come and visit him from far away areas and places. So he became a source of attraction for many people and they began to see him as their spiritual master.[1]
Makhdoom Muhammad went to Makhdoom Zia uddin Thattvi to learn the science of ahadith and associated matters. It took him nine years to learn Persian and Arabic.[2]Meanwhile, his father Makhdoom Abdul Ghafoor died on 1113 Hijri in the blessed month of Dhul-hajj and was buried in his place at Sehwan.
Makhdoom visited Makkah and Madinah and learned exegesis, ahadith, religious fundamentals, tajwid and fiqh.[1]
Books
He wrote 400 books in Arabic, Sindhi and Persian including:
Madah Nama Sindh (مدح نامه سنڌ): The book contains merits and values of Sindh and Sindhi society in the 18th century.[2]
Dirham al-Surrat Fi Wada al-Yadayn Taht al-Surrah. This is a short book that proves the Hanafi way of keeping hands in Qiyam during prayer is proved by Sahih Hadith.
al-Baqiyat as-Salihat (الباقيات الصالحات): This book describes the biographies of prophet Muhammad’s wives and some other great Islamic figures.
His authored books are included in the syllabus of Al-Azhar University today as well. Some of his books have recently been translated into Sindhi by Allama Muhammad Idrees Dahiri and Ghulam Mustafa Qasmi, including Madah Nama Sindh, al-Baqiyat as-Salihat and Khamsat at-Tahirah.[1][2]
Alleged miracle
On Friday, 12th OF Rajab 1135 Hijri, Makhdoom Hashim was at Madinah and presented greetings at the resting place of Muhammad and reportedly received the greatest gift in the form of reply of the greetings from Muhammad himself: “Waalaykum as-salam ya Muhammad Hashim”. There were two Muhammad Hashims who both felt Muhammad had replied to them alone. To end the confusion they agreed on trying again and this time Muhammad reportedly replied: “Waalaykum as-salam ya Muhammad Hashim Thattvi.”
A Persian phrase describes this event:
“Zaban-e-khalq-e-khuda naqqara-e-khuda ast”
Tongue of mankind is the tongue of God.
Mausoleum and shrine
Thousands of devotees and followers visit his mausoleum and shrine every day which is located in Makli, Thatta, near the historical Makli graveyard. Many followers are buried alongside his shrine. Few of the names of the notables resting there are as follows: Ubaidullah Sindhi and Hassam-ud-Din Rashidi.
Urs – Death Anniversary
Makhdoom Hashim’s urs is celebrated every year on the 6th of rajab at the shrine.
The day’s proceedings involve recitation of the Quran, hymns and praises of Allah and Muhammad and the Prophet, and religious discourses are given by local orators and scholars.[1][3]
Biography
Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi was one of the greatest scholars in Sindh. He was a great jurist, a poet, an academician, a researcher, a Muhaddith and a Mufassir, and authored hundreds of books and articles many of whom have been lost. Many of his surviving books and articles are not published and manuscripts are available in historical and personal libraries.
He was born on 10 Rabi’ al-Awwal 1104 A.H. in Bathoro (بٺورو), a town in the Thatta district of Sindh, and died on 6 Rajab 1174 A.H. He is buried in the famous graveyard of Makli near Thatta.
Education
He received his basic education from his father Makhdoom Abdul Ghafoor, and then learned from famous scholars of Sindh. In 1135 AH he want for Hajj and remained in Haramain for two years. There, he studied with some of the great scholars of the time. Some of his teachers include:
Makhdoom Muhammad Saeed Thattvi (Thatta)
Makhdoom Zia’uddin Thattvi (Thatta)
Shaykh Abdul Qadir bin Abu Bakr Siddiqi Hanafi Makki, Mufti of Makkah al-Mukarramah (d. 1138 AH)
Shaykh Eid bin Ali Misri al-Shafi’i al-Azhari (d. 1140 AH)
Shaykh Abu Tahir Muhammad bin Ibrahim Madani (d. 1145 AH). He was also the teacher of Shah Waliullah Dehlavi.
Tariqah
He received his spiritual guidance in Tariqah Qadriyah from one of the great scholars and shaykh of Sindh, Sayyid Sa’dullah Qadri (سيد سعد الله قادري) of Surat (b. 1099 AH, d. 1138 AH.). He went to his Shaykh in 1136 A.H. (1723 CE) and within a year received khilafah and returned home to Thatta in Safar 1137 A.H. With Ba’yah with Sayyid Sa’dullah, Makhdoom was also highly devoted and received spiritual guidance from Shaykh Abul-Qasim Naqshbandi (d. 7 Sha’ban 1138 AH.), one of the most famous Naqshbandi saints of Sindh who is buried in Makli, Thatta. Shaykh Abul-Qasim was the khalifa of Shaykh Saifuddin Faruqi Sirhindi the grandson of Imam Rabbani Shaykh Ahmed Sirhindi.
His Library
Makhdoom Hashim collected thousands of valuable Islamic books from all around the world in his personal library. It was one of the largest libraries of the region. But unfortunately the library did not survive long after him. Many books were stolen or taken away by other people, and there wasn’t any person who could take care of the remaining books.
Makhdoom Ibrahim
From his descendents, his grandson Makhdoom Muhammad Ibrahim Thattvi (1162-1225 AH) son of Makhdoom Abdul-Latif son of Makhdoom Hashim was one of the leading Sufi shaykhs in Sindh. He belonged to the Naqshbandi tradition and is one of the famous saints of Sindh. He was a great scholar as well and an author of many books. He travelled very much specially in the Arabian lands, and was a master of Arabic language.
Hazrat Makhdoom Mohammad Haashim Thatthawi rahmatullāhi alaihi : ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦
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Aap ki wilaadat 10 Rabi ul Awwal 1104 Hijri (1692 A.D.) ko Thattha ke qareeb Bhatoru (Sindh) me hui.
Aap ke waalid ka naam Hazrat Abdul Ghafoor bin Abdul Lateef Siyustani hai.
Aap ke waalid Siyustaan ke maqbool Ulama me shumaar hote the.
Aap (Huzoor Rasool-Allāh sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam ke chacha) Haariṡ bin Abdul Muttalib ki nasl se hain.
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Aap n apne waalide mohtaram se ibtidaai ta’aleem haasil ki.
6 maah me Haafiz e Qur’an hue.
Phir 1111 Hijri (1699 A.D.) me Thattha aaye aur 9 saal ak Makhdoom Saeed se Arabi ki, Makhdoom Shaikh Zia-ud-deen, aur Makhdoom Mohamamd Moeen Thatthawi se Hadeeṡ aur deegar uloom ko ta’aleem haasil ki.
Zil Hijjah 1113 Hijri me Aap ke waalide maajid ka intiqaal hua.
1135 Hijri (1722 A.D.) me Aap Hajj ke liye tashreef le gaye aur waha 2 saal qayaam karke Makka mukarrama me Shaikh Abdul Qaadir bin Abu Bakr Siddeeq Hanafi Makki se aur Madeena munawwara me Shaikh Abu Taahir Muhammad bin Ibrāheem Madani se aur Shaikh Eid bin Ali Misri al-Shafi’i al-Azhari se Tajweed, Hadeeṡ, Tafseer aur Fiq’h ki ta’aleem haasil ki.
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Is ke baad Thattha me Hazrat Abul Qaasim Naqshbandi rahmatullāhi alaihi ki khidmat me reh kar Uloome Baatini ki ta’aleem haasil ki.
Aap har roz Hazrat ke bistar ko saaf kiya karte the aur un ki raza aur khushnudi haasil karne ke liye har khidmat kiya karte the.
Ek roz Aap ne Hazrat se Bai’at ke iye arz ki to Hazrat Abul Qaasim Naqshbandi ne mana farmaaya. Aap ne arz kiya ke : “Phir mujhe kisi Valiye Kaamil ka Pata bata dijiye jinse me Bait ho jaau”. Chunaanche Aap ne farmaya ke “Ilahabad me Hazrat Sayyed Sa’adullāh Qaadri Surati ke paas jaao. Tumhara hissa unke paas hai.”
Chunaanche 1136 Hijri (1723 A.D.) me Aap waha tashreef le gaye aur un se Silsila e Aaliya Qaadriya me Bai’at hue. Ek arse tak Murshid ki khaanqaah me ghodo ke astambal ki safaai karte aur saath hi saath Riyaazat o Mujaahidaat karte rahe aur Jilaa e Qalb ki daulat se maalamaal hue. Apne Murshid ki taraf se Ijaazat o Khilaafat haasil karke 1137 Hijri (1724 A.D.) me waapas Thattha tashreef laaye.
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Aap ne Thattha ke qareeb ‘Bahraam Badr’ naami gaanv me ek Madrasa qaa’im kiya aur deeni ta’aleem dene lage.
Lekin waha ke Vadero ko Aap ki naseehat pasand na aai. Aakhirkaar Aap waha se Hijrat kar ke Thattha aakar sukoonat pazeer hue aur yaha dars o tadrees ka silsila shuru kiya. Aap ki shohrat sunkar dusre mulko se badi ta’adaad me Talba Aap ki baargaah me aakar ta’aleem wa faiz haasil karne lage.
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ALLĀH ta’ala ne Aap ko apne Deen ka paasbaan bana kar bheja tha.
Aap ne apni ta’aleemaat wa tasannif ke zariye Islaam ki azeem khidmat wa isha’at ki. Beshumaar logo ko hidayat mili. Beshumaar logo ne bid’ato ko chhodkar Sunnato ko apnaaya. Har mahine bahot saare ghair-muslim islaam me daakhil hote.
Aap ne Naadir Shaah aur Ahmad Shaah ko chand Khutoot irsaal farmaae aur un ko Taqwiyate ahkaame Deen ki taraf mutawajjeh kiya.
Sindh ke us waqt ke Haakim Miyan Ghulaam Shaah Khoda Abbaasi Aap ka bada moataqid tha. Us ke zariye Aap ne tamaam saltanat ke Hukkaam aur Afsaraan ko ek sarkaari hukm jaari karwaaya jis ke zariye Deen ko badi taqwiyat mili.
Aap ne khud ka ek Maktab (library) banaaya tha jis me hazaaro deeni kitaaben jama ki thi.
Aap ki likhi hui chand mash’hoor kitaaben :
Arabi :
(1) Jannatun Naeem fee Fadaa’ilil Qur’an kareem (Fazaa’il e Qur’an majeed)
(2) Hadiqatus Safa fi Asmaail Mustafa (Huzoor sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam ke Asmaa e mubarak ki Tashreeh wa Tafseer)
(3) Rozatus Safa fee Asmaail Mustafa (Huzoor sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam ke mazeed Asmaa e mubarak ka bayaan)
(4) Halaawatul Fahm fee zikri Javaamiul Kaleem (Huzoor sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam ke kalaam aur us ki Tashreeh)
(5) As-Saif-ul-Jali Ala Saab-un-Nabi (Gustakhaane Huzoor sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam ke muta’alliq ibratnaak anjaam aur un ki sharai saza ko bayaan)
(6) Faraa’id-ul-Eimaan
(7) Mazhar-ul-Anwaar (Roza ke muta’alliq tafseeli bayaan)
(8) Khutbaat-ul-Haashmi (Fiq’h)
(9) Al-Haft-ul-Marghoobat fee Afdalat-ul-Dua Ba’adal Maktoobah
(10) Dirham-ul-Surat Fee Wada’a-ul-Yadayn Taht-us-Surat
(11) Tarsee’a-ul-Darat ala Dirham-ul-Surah
(12) Ma’ayaar-ul-Naqaad fee Tameeyaz-ul-Maghsoos anal-Jiyaad
(13) Haashiya Durood e Haadari
(14) Kifaayat-ul-Qaari (Tajweed).
Faarsi :
(1) Zariatal Wusul Ila Janaabir Rasool (Huzoor sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam ki baargaah me Qurbat wa Maqbooliyat haasil karne ka Tareeqa)
(2) Waseelatal Ghareeb ila Janaabil Habeeb (Huzoor sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam ka Waseela, Shafa’at aur Tawassul ka bayaan aur ṡaboot)
(3) Hayaatul Quloob fee Ziyaratil Mahboob (Hajj wa Umrah ka bayaan aur Haazri e Roza e Rasool sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam ke Aadaab)
(4) Zaadas Safeenah fee Asmaamil Madeenah (Madeena munawwara ke muta’addid Asma’a aur us ki Tashreeh aur Fazaa’il)
(5) Fat’h-ul-Kalaam fee Kaifiyat Asqaat-us-Salwaat was-seelm (Huzoor sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam par Durood o Salaam ki mukhtalif sego aur us ki mukhtalif Kaifiyaat ka bayaan)
(6) Fat’h-ul-Qawi e Nasab-un-Nabi (Huzoor sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam ke Aaba o Ajdaad ke muta’alliq tafseeli bayaan)
(7) Al-Baaqiyat us-Saalihaat fee zikril Azwaaje mutaahraat (Huzoor sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam ki Azwaaje mutaahiraat aur deegar Aslaaf ki Sirat ka bayaan)
(8) Tohfat-ul-Saalikeen ala Janaabil Ameen
(9) Al-Nafhaa-ul-Baahrat fe Jawaaz-ul-Qaul Bil-Khamsatul Taahrah
(10) Fazaa’il e Namaaz wa Dua e Aashura
(11) Hayaat-us-Saa’imeen (Mazhar-ul-Anwaar ka trauma : Roza ke muta’alliq tafseeli bayaan)
(12) Faiz-ul-Ghani fee Taqdeer Saa’a-un-Nabi (Sadqa e Fitr ke muta’alliq bayaan)
(13) Rashf-ul-Zalaal fee Tehqeeq-ul-Zawaal (Fiq’h)
(14) Ahde Nabuwwat ke Maah-o-saal
(15) Madah Naama Sindh (Sindh ki Tawaarikh).
Sindhi :
(1) Quwwatul Aashiqeen (Huzoor sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam ke kamaalaat wa moazzizaat ka bayaan)
(2) Aqaa’id-ul-Islaam
(3) Binaa-ul-Islaam (Islaam ke bunyaadi Aqaa’id)
(4) Zaad-ul-Faqeer (Roza ke fazaa’il aur masaa’il)
(5) Raahat-ul-Mo’mineen (Zabeeha aur Shikaar ke muta’alliq bayaan)
(6) Tafseer e Haashmi
(7) Tanbeeh Naamoon (Fiq’h)
(8) Islaah Muqaddamatul Salwaat Sunnati (Fiq’h).
Aap ne Arabi, Faarsi aur Sindhi me bahot saari Na’at wa Qaseede bhi likhe hain.
(1) Samaaniyatah Qasaid Sigaaru Fi Mad’hi Nabiyyi sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam (Huzoor e akram sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam ki shaan me 8 Qaseede)
(2) Qaseeda Ya Saalika (Sindhi)
(3) Tohfatul Taa’ibeen (Nazamo ka majmua) (Sindhi).
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Aaftaab e Makli Hazrat Abul Qaasim Naqshbandi rahmatullāhi alaihi farmaate hain ke “Abul Qaasim to bahot hain lekin ye Marde Mujaahid apni shaan aur maqaam ka ek hi hai.”
Aur farmaate “Aafrin hai us Maa par jis ne Makhdoom Mohammad Haashim jaise ko janaa jis ki is zamaane me koi naazir aur miṡaal nahi.”
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12 Rajab 1135 Hijri ko Jum’aa ke roz jab Aap Roza e Rasool sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam par haazir hue aur ba-adab Salaat o Salaam arz kiya to Roza mubarak se aawaaz aai ‘Wa alaikum as salaam Ya Mohammad Haashim Thatthawi.”
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Ek martaba ek shakhs Aap se ek Fatawa lekar us ki tasdeeq ke liye Aap ke ustaad Makhdoom Shaikh Zia-ud-deen ki khidmat me gaya. Un ko Aap ke is jawaab se itefaaq nahi tha. Is liye Aap ne tasdeeq karne se inkaar kar diya.
Raat me Makhdoom Shaikh Zia-ud-deen ko khwaab me Huzoor Rasool-Allāh sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam ki ziyarat hui aur farmaaya ke “Zia-ud-deen! Mohammad Haashim jis tarah kehte hain usi ke mutaabiq tum Fatawa de do.”
Subah hote hi Makhdoom Shaikh Zia-ud-deen ne us shakhs ko bula kar Makhdoom Mohammad Haashim ke us jawaab ki tasdeeq kar di aur phir us ke baad kisi bhi mas’ale ka jawaab khud nahi diya balke jo koi Saa’il aata us ko Hazrat Makhdoom Mohammad Haashim Thatthawi ke paas bhej dete aur farmaate ke “Fatawa unhi ke haath me de diya gaya hai, Ab tamaam Fatawe wohi likhenge.”
Aap ke khulfa :
(1) (Aap ke saahabzaade) Hazrat Makhdoom Abdul Lateef Thatthawi rahmatullāhi alaihi
(2) Hazrat Qutb e waqt Hazrat Faqeerullāh Alwi rahmatullāhi alaihi
(3) Hazrat Allama Abul Hasan Sagheer rahmatullāhi alaihi.
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Aakhri ayyaam me Aap Hazrat Mohammad Baaqir rahmatullāhi alaihi ke makaan me muqeem the. Aap ko sakht bukhaar aur sakht is’haal ki shikaayat ho gai thi, jis ke baa’is sakht zo’af tha. Lekin us ke ba-wajood Aap ne tayammum ke saath namaze Fajr Adaa farmai. Phir apne saahabzaade Makhdoom Abdul Lateef se farmaaya ke “Namaaze Fajr ki adaaygi me kuchh shak hai lihaaza us ka Fidiya adaa kar dena.”
Jaha par Aap ka wisaal e paak hua aur Aap ko Ghusl o Kafan diya gaya wo maqaam 6 maah tak mushk jaisi khushbu se mahekta raha. Ghusl dete waqt aisa mehsoos ho raha tha ke Aap ka Qalb Zikre Ilāhi kar raha tha.
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Aap ka wisaal 6 Rajab 1174 Hijri (11 February 1761 A.D.) ko Jumeraat ke roz hua.
Aap ka mazaar Makli, Thattha (Sindh, Pakistan) me Eidgaah ke qareeb hai.
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ALLĀH ta’ala us ke Habeeb sallallāhu alaihi wa sallam ke sadqe me
Aur Hazrat Makhdoom Mohammad Haashim Thatthawi rahmatullāhi alaihi aur tamaam Auliya Allāh ke waseele se
Sab ko mukammal ishq e Rasool ata farmae aur Sab ke Eimaan ki hifaazat farmae aur Sab ko nek amal karne ki taufiq ata farmae.
Aur Sab ko dunya wa aakhirat me kaamyaabi ata farmae aur Sab ki nek jaa’iz muraado ko puri farmae.
Aameen.